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The term architecture can refer to a process, a profession or
documentation.
As a process, architecture is the activity of designing and
constructing buildings and other physical structures by a person or
a computer, primarily to provide shelter. A wider definition often
includes the design of the total built environment, from the macro
level of how a building integrates with its surrounding landscape to
the micro level of architectural or construction details and,
sometimes, furniture. Wider still, architecture is the activity of
designing any kind of system.
As a profession, architecture is the role of those persons or
machines providing architectural services.
As documentation, usually based on drawings, architecture defines
the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of
system that is to be or has been constructed.
Architects have as their primary object providing for the spatial
and shelter needs of people in groups of some kind (families,
schools, businesses, etc.) by the creative organisation of
materials and components in a land- or city-scape, dealing with
mass, space, form, volume, texture, structure, light, shadow,
materials, program, and pragmatic elements such as cost,
construction limitations and technology, to achieve an end which is
functional, economical, practical and often with artistic and
aesthetic aspects. This distinguishes architecture from engineering
design, which has as its primary object the creative manipulation of
materials and forms using mathematical and scientific
principles.
Separate from the design process, architecture is also
experienced through the senses, which therefore gives rise to aural,
visual, olfactory, and tactile architecture. As people move through
a space, architecture is experienced as a time sequence. Even though
our culture considers architecture to be a visual experience, the
other senses play a role in how we experience both natural and built
environments. Attitudes towards the senses depend on culture. The
design process and the sensory experience of a space are distinctly
separate views, each with its own language and assumptions.
Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political
symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations are often known
primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings
as the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural
symbols, and are an important link in public consciousness, even
when scholars have discovered much about a past civilization through
other means. Cities, regions and cultures continue to identify
themselves with (and are known by) their architectural
monuments.
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